How paradigm blindness leads to bad policy
Though we live in a highly complex, networked world, the paradigm that guides policymaking is largely linear, mechanical, and ‘rational’. This leaves us blind to the obvious – including our own blindness – and vulnerable to conceptual traps and collective-action problems
We live in an age of systemic gridlock, policy chaos, and sudden-shock failures. How is it possible that Afghan security forces – built and trained by the United States military at a cost of $83 billion over two decades – succumbed to a militia of fighters in pickup trucks in a mere 11 days? How could America's best and brightest intelligence experts and military leaders have failed to foresee that the rapid withdrawal of US air support and reconnaissance would spell disaster for Afghanistan, and plan their retreat accordingly? Are these not examples of systemic failure?
Look at almost any crisis, you will see multiple causes and drivers. That is as true for the situation in Afghanistan as it is for the Covid-19 pandemic – another multi-dimensional crisis for which there is no silver-bullet solution. Even carefully designed policies, motivated by the best of intentions, can fail to have the intended effect – and often exacerbate problems in unexpected ways – owing to implementation mistakes.
The problem can be boiled down to a complexity mismatch. The various crises and challenges we face – such as terrorism, pandemics, and disinformation – have viral, entangled qualities, and complex global networks allow locally generated problems to grow and spread much faster than solutions. Yet the paradigm on which we base our policymaking is linear, mechanical, and 'rational'.
This approach can be traced back to political philosophers like Thomas Hobbes, who offered a straightforward, top-down approach to governing human society, based on 'universal' truths. The Newtonian-Cartesian paradigm that guides economic thinking is similarly mechanical, pursuing a timeless, one-size-fits-all Theory of Everything.
When direct or 'positive' interventions fail, indirect or 'negative' approaches are employed. It is this open, experimental approach – which recognises that the economy is a complex adaptive system – that enabled China's economic miracle.
But, while such an approach might help us to understand or govern small states or communities, it is impractical in a highly complex global system. And yet, we remain committed to it. This leaves us blind to the obvious – including our own blindness – and vulnerable to conceptual traps and collective-action problems that perpetuate indecision, inaction, and inconsistency. Without a new approach that captures the true complexity of our world, we will continue to be blindsided by systemic failures.
We should look to nature. As the biologist Stuart Kauffman has pointed out, the eighteenth-century philosopher Immanuel Kant observed that everything in nature "not only exists by means of the other parts, but is thought of as existing for the sake of the others and the whole" – that is, "as an (organic) instrument." In other words, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts, and both negative and positive feedback mechanisms link the various parts that form – and transform – the whole.
When something is not working, Chinese engineers and planners act on leverage points – or "key entry points" – for example, refining standards, incentives, regulations, information, or goals. When direct or 'positive' interventions fail, indirect or 'negative' approaches are employed. It is this open, experimental approach – which recognises that the economy is a complex adaptive system – that enabled China's economic miracle.
The point, as Meadows explained, is to 'stay flexible'. After all, 'no paradigm is 'true,'" and "every one, including the one that sweetly shapes your own worldview, is a tremendously limited understanding of an immense and amazing universe." Why limit ourselves further – and invite further gridlock and chaos – by clinging to zero-sum logic, binary thinking, and futile competition?
Andrew Sheng, Distinguished Fellow of the Asia Global Institute at the University of Hong Kong and a member of the UNEP Advisory Council on Sustainable Finance, is a former chairman of the Hong Kong Securities and Futures Commission. His latest book is From Asian to Global Financial Crisis.
Xiao Geng, Chairman of the Hong Kong Institution for International Finance, is a professor and Director of the Institute of Policy and Practice at the Shenzhen Finance Institute at The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen.
Disclaimer: This article first appeared on Project Syndicate, and is published by special syndication arrangement.
