Countdown to Bangladesh 1971
1940
23 March: A conference of the All-India Muslim League, meeting in Lahore, adopts a resolution calling for the creation of independent states for Muslims in the subcontinent.
1946
16 August: Hindu-Muslim riots break out in Kolkata following a call for "direct action" by the Muslim League. Over the next four days, thousands of Hindus and Muslims lost their lives and the troubles spread to other parts of India.
1947
14 August: The independent state of Pakistan, comprising two wings separated by a thousand miles of Indian territory, comes into being. Muhammad Ali Jinnah takes over as governor general of the new state.
1948
25 February: Dhirendranath Dutta, a Bengali member of Pakistan's Constituent Assembly, demands that Bengali be one of the languages employed in the legislative body.
21 March: On his first and only visit to Dhaka, Muhammad Ali Jinnah states that Urdu will be the state language of Pakistan. The statement is protested by students of Dhaka University.
11 September: Muhammad Ali Jinnah dies and is succeeded by Khwaja Nazimuddin.
1952
21 February: Students of Dhaka University violate Section 144 imposed earlier and march to demand the status of state language for Bangla. Four of them die by police fire.
1954
In elections to the East Pakistan provincial assembly in March, the Jugto (United) Front led by Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, Sher-e-Bangla AK Fazlul Huq and Moulana Abdul Hamid Khan win a landslide victory through routing the ruling Muslim League. Fazlul Huq takes over as Chief Minister.
In May, Governor General Iskandar Mirza dismissed the Huq ministry and imposed Section 92a in East Pakistan.
1956
23 March: A constitution for the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is adopted by the Constituent Assembly. Bangla and Urdu are declared state languages.
1958
7 October: President Iskandar Mirza imposes martial law all over Pakistan, with army Commander-in-Chief General Mohammad Ayub Khan taking over as Chief Martial Law Administrator. Parliament is dissolved, the constitution is abrogated, political parties are banned and leading politicians are hauled away to prison.
27 October: General Ayub Khan ousts Iskandar Mirza, sends him into exile in London and takes over as President in addition to his position as Chief Martial Law Administrator.
1961
The centenary of Rabindranath Tagore's birth is observed all over East Pakistan, with Justice Syed Mahbub Murshed, Chief Justice of the East Pakistan High Court, playing a leading role in the celebrations.
1962
Martial law is withdrawn and a new constitution based on a controlled political system called Basic Democracy is introduced by the Ayub regime.
HS Suhrawardy is arrested.
Opposition political parties form the National Democratic Front.
1963
5 December: Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy dies in Beirut, where he had gone after his release by the regime.
1965
September: Pakistan wages a 17-day inconclusive war with India. The conflict leaves East Pakistan feeling vulnerable.
1966
10 January: President Ayub Khan and Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri sign the Tashkent Declaration through the mediation of Soviet Prime Minister Alexei Kosygin. Shastri dies in the early hours of the next day.
5 February: Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, general secretary of the East Pakistan Awami League, announces a six-point programme of regional autonomy his party wants for the two wings of Pakistan.
8 May: Sheikh Mujibur Rahman is arrested under the Defence of Pakistan Rules. In the following days, his close associates Tajuddin Ahmed, Syed Nazrul Islam and others are taken into custody as well.
7 June: A total general strike in support of the Six Points is observed all over East Pakistan.
July: Foreign Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto goes on leave and subsequently is asked to leave the government by President Ayub Khan.
1967
November: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto forms the Pakistan People's Party.
December: The government announces the arrest of a number of Bangalee military personnel.
1968
January: The Ayub regime charges Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and 34 other Bangalees (who were in the civil service as well as in the armed forces) with conspiracy to separate East Pakistan from the rest of the country. The case became known as the Agartala Conspiracy Case.
19 June: Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and his co-accused are put on trial before a special tribunal in Dhaka cantonment.
November: The regime arrests Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Khan Abdul Wali Khan in West Pakistan after an attempt is made on the life of President Ayub Khan in Peshawar. Days later, retired air marshal Asghar Khan and Justice Syed Mahbub Murshed announce their entry into politics.
December: Public protests break out in East and West Pakistan against the regime. Moulana Bhashani leads protest rallies in East Pakistan.
1969
January and February: Anti-Ayub protests intensify in both wings of Pakistan. The opposition parties come together under the Democratic Action Committee (DAC). The president calls a round table conference with opposition leaders in Rawalpindi and among those invited is the detained Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, who refuses to attend the RTC on parole. Demands intensify in East Pakistan for a withdrawal of the Agartala Case and unconditional release of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and all other accused.
22 February: Vice Admiral AR Khan, Pakistan's defence minister, announces the withdrawal of the Agartala Case and the unconditional release of all accused.
23 February: Sheikh Mujibur Rahman is bestowed the honorific of Bangabandhu, friend of Bengal, at a million-strong public rally in Dhaka. The next day he flies to Rawalpindi to attend the RTC.
10 March: The round table conference collapses after President Ayub Khan refuses to accept the six points as the basis for Pakistan's constitutional future. Mujib condemns DAC for its failure to support him.
25 March: President Ayub Khan resigns and hands over power to army chief General Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan, who promptly places Pakistan under martial law.
26 March: General Yahya Khan, in a radio broadcast, promises the creation of 'conducive to the holding of general elections' in Pakistan.
5 December: Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman tells a meeting on HS Suhrawardy's death anniversary that henceforth East Pakistan would be known as Bangladesh.
1970
1 January: Political activities resume in Pakistan under the Legal Framework Order. General elections, the first in the country's history, are scheduled for October. They will be postponed till December owing to the floods in East Pakistan.
1 July: The One Unit system is disbanded in West Pakistan and the wing reverts to the provinces of Punjab, Sind, Baluchistan and North-West Frontier Province.
12 November: A devastating cyclone batters the coastal areas of East Pakistan, leaving a million dead. Pakistan government's slow response results in condemnation.
7 December: The general elections result in an outright victory for the Awami League. It ends up winning 160 of the 162 seats allocated for East Pakistan, thus obtaining a majority in the 300 seat National Assembly. The Pakistan People's Party emerges as the second largest party with 88 seats.
1971
27 January: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto meets Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in Dhaka and proposes a grand coalition between the Awami League and the People's Party. Mujib rejects the proposal.
February: President Yahya Khan calls for a meeting of the National Assembly on 3 March in Dhaka.
15 February: Bhutto tells a rally in West Pakistan that his party will not attend the assembly session unless the Awami League modifies its Six Point programme. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman dismisses the suggestion.
1 March: General Yahya Khan postpones National Assembly meeting. Protests erupt in East Pakistan as Mujib launches a non-violent non-cooperation movement.
2 March: The students of Dhaka University, led by ASM Abdur Rab, hoist the flag of 'independent' Bangladesh on the campus.
6 March: As conditions slip out of government control in East Pakistan, with Admiral SM Ahsan and Lt General Sahibzada Yaqub Khan resigning their positions as governor and zonal martial law administrator respectively, President Yahya Khan calls the National Assembly to session in Dhaka on 25 March.
Meanwhile, Lt General Tikka Khan, notorious as the Butcher of Balochistan, is appointed governor of East Pakistan. Chief Justice BA Siddiky refuses to swear him in.
7 March: At a massive public rally in Dhaka, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman tells Bangalees: "The struggle this time is the struggle for emancipation. The struggle this time is for independence."
15 March: General Yahya Khan arrives in East Pakistan under Mujib's absolute control. The president and the Awami League chief, along with their aides, meet over the next few days to thrash out a solution to the crisis.
21 March: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto arrives in Dhaka after getting a green signal from Yahya Khan. Tripartite negotiations involving the regime, Awami League and People's Party go on till 23 March, as Bangalees observe Pakistan Day through hoisting Bangladesh flags atop homes and offices.
25 March: The Pakistan army launches Operation Searchlight in East Pakistan and goes into a spree of killing at Dhaka University, the headquarters of the East Pakistan Rifles and the Rajarbagh police lines.
26 March: Minutes after midnight, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman declares the independence of Bangladesh. Sometime later, he is arrested by the Pakistan army and taken to Dhaka cantonment, whence he will be flown to West Pakistan a few days later.
27 March: Major Ziaur Rahman announces independence on behalf of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman from Kalurghat radio station.
17 April: The Bangladesh Provisional Government, comprising of Acting President Syed Nazrul Islam, Prime Minister Tajuddin Ahmad and ministers AHM Quamruzzaman, M Mansur Ali and Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad, is formed in Meherpur, Chuadanga. The spot becomes known as Mujibnagar. Col Ataul Gani Osmany is appointed chief of the liberation forces. Professor Yusuf Ali reads out the Proclamation of Independence.
May to December: Bangladesh government sets up the Mukti Bahini, divides the country into eleven sectors and wages guerrilla warfare against the Pakistan occupation army.
11 August: Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman is put on secret trial before a military court in Pakistan on charges of waging war against Pakistan. He will be sentenced to death in the latter part of the year.
3 December: War breaks out between India and Pakistan. Over the next couple of weeks, Indian and Bangladesh forces form a joint military command, landing devastating blows on the Pakistan military in occupied Bangladesh.
13-14 December: Local collaborators of the Pakistan occupation army, in the form of Al-Badr and Al-Shams, and Razakars, pick up leading Bengali intellectuals even as Pakistan is collapsing in Bangladesh and torture them to death at various points in Dhaka. Their bodies are then dumped on the brickfields of Rayerbazar.
16 December: 93,000 Pakistani military officers and jawans surrender to the Indo-Bangladesh Joint Command at the Race Course in Dhaka. Pakistan's military commander Lt Gen AAK Niazi signs the instrument of surrender, after which his men become prisoners of war.
Nine months and three million Bengali deaths later, the People's Republic of Bangladesh is born.
22 December: The Mujibnagar government returns home to a free Bangladesh.
1972
10 January: The Father of the Nation, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, freed from detention by the new Pakistan government of President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, comes back home.
